what is graduating interval anki. There's really no downside to adding more steps, especially if you're doing a lot of cards. what is graduating interval anki

 
There's really no downside to adding more steps, especially if you're doing a lot of cardswhat is graduating interval anki  1d , 6 d

Min interval 2d . For me the third and the forth positions are not the same, the third position refer to “Learning Steps” and the. Longer learning intervals ables to use long graduating intervals and gives the best of both worlds imo. A modern Anki custom scheduling based on free spaced repetition scheduler algorithm - FAQ · open-spaced-repetition/fsrs4anki Wiki. Create a new option near the top of the Deck Options page for enabling/disabling FSRS. Easy interval 60 d. ago. Anki Forums Interval for "Hard" is longer than intervals for "Good" and "Easy" Anki Desktop. New cards Learning steps 25 mins 1 day Graduating interval 3 days Easy interval 4 days. The anki docs has a very useful section about this as well Adding/Editing - Anki Manual. You have to change New cards → Easy interval to 5. Once a card is finished with learning steps, it starts following a different algorithm for scheduling. Hence, the learning steps help you actually learn it in a "safe environment" before promoting it. Business, Economics, and Finance. Hello beautiful people, I would appreciate anyone's input on an issue that I have been facing recently and honestly it has been eating me alive. Agree with u/GitProphet that a >97% retention means. Max reviews . Graduating interval: 3 days Easy interval: 4 days. Graduating interval: 1 day Easy interval: 2 days For Load balancer, Graduating interval: 1 day MIN and 1 day MAX Easy interval: 4 day MIN and. Reviews at default settings. By default, this is. It makes it so if you learn 30 cards in one day and. If Anki has any flexibility in scheduling, this might change from 3 +/- 2 days (but i have no evidence for this other than the schedule problems that you describe). I guess the graduating interval will always come after the last learning one, even with the. Feel free to tinker with your settings as needed, I adjusted mine over time and in dedicated. What happens if the graduating interval is the same as the last learning step? i. Step 3: Fill in your Anki settings in the optimizer. Max Interval: 1 day (so I can study all the cards every day) Yes, there are a lot of steps, but this is what I use for individual tests. You press good on day 2 -> interval 6d. Here is the full list of timezones: list of pytz time zones (github. In my opinion this would be good for short term use in theory: New Cards: Steps: 30 1440 5760. Then, Anki shows you 4 buttons: Again, Hard, Good, and Easy. So, after 6 days, card gets graduated and then after an additional 3 days, it's. e. Support for FSRS is coming in 2. I read the documentation about v3 but a personal experience is always appreciated. The #1 social media platform for MCAT advice. Anki’s Interval Modifier takes the normal interval for a card and multiplies it by the interval modifier. For me the third and the forth positions are not the same, the third position refer to “Learning Steps” and the. 5: Easy bonus: 1. It might be difficult to achieve what you want. I’ll update the add-on page once I figure out how to explain it more clearly. And so we’re gonna make this super useful tool a lot simpler by going over the best Anki settingsfor you as a student. Most days for the past 3-4 months are about 700-800 cards per day Reply. Graduating interval and easy interval to 365 Maximum reviews/day and new cards/day to 0 And then (with the 10,000-card deck) create a custom study session --> study by card state or tag --> new cards onlyLearning cards retention is a reflection of the Strength of the memory; if it is high - it will have a positive impact: better memory strength. CryptoBusiness, Economics, and Finance. I knowledge it’s crazy though. Easy Interval: 9 days. When it's a learning card, it's ease won't change. 17. EDIT: I confirm that ALL the Graduating Intervals in the profile have been reset to 1 (across maybe 20 option groups). 2-4 days is. Insertion Order. The 15m 1d 3d interval was less scientific. Set the filename with the name of the deck file you uploaded. The video explains Anki well and allowed me to optimize my settings. Similarly, I had created the “New words” deck to study English. I assume geometric means a constant ratio between successive interval dates. This way when I see a new card that I absolutely know already, I hit easy and won't see it again for 10 days. I find this works really well for me (my graduating Interval is also 6 days) ReplyGraduating Interval Easy Interval Starting Ease Lapses. . 1. I started with the anking recommended settings (25m I think) but that was too long and I kept getting a bunch wrong and it was taking way too long to get through my reviews each. e. ago. g. The next setting we have to talk about is the Graduating Interval, which basically says that a card is under the learning phase if it’s somewhere within this interval. The first time we see a two plus two equals blank. It most likely is not 12 days unless you have “new interval” set to 0% and “minimum interval” set to 12 days. My learning steps go all the way out to 30d. 55 with the support of custom scheduling with memory states. Max interval 90 d. com How do we “graduate” cards? Well if we go to the settings of Steps and Graduating Interval, once we hit “good” on our final learning step, the card is graduated and we will see at our “Graduating Interval. Anki is expecting to show you the card at a 40 minute and 1 day (1440 minute) learning interval. Anki is so good! amedicalstudent • 10 yr. Learn how Anki calculates intervals and how you can modify settings to optimize your learning! NOTE: There is a. The next time, 2 will graduate you until the next day (unless other settings are changed). This works with autoEaseFactor as well as with Straight Reward. Used short graduating intervals but mature cards kept crashing after 9 months. Starting Ease: This is an annoyingly named feature. Those can be used to tune learning steps and. I guess the graduating interval will always come after the last learning one, even with the. . Change the learning steps, graduating interval, and easy interval for new cards. So let’s say I get a new card correct after 15 mins and see it again the next day. (10 * 0. 95% success. Anki will tell you your retention rate for each card - New, Learning, Young, Relearning, Mature. Anki is an application/software that allows you to create ‘decks’, groups of cards containing information you want to learn. The point of these cards is to progressively space the cards out more and more. I believe the add-on is conflicting with anki, but I have no idea where to even start to look at. This is the default Anki’s setting: From Anki’s Manual: New interval controls how much Anki should reduce the previous interval by. If Anki has any flexibility in scheduling, this might change from 3 +/- 2 days (but i have no evidence for this other than the schedule problems that you describe). The other options are changeable with my anki so I can not. The ease factor goes down when you fail the card (press again), but only once the card is graduated . This, I am not sure about. New interval 70 %. The other options are changeable with my anki so I can not. Graduating Interval: 3 Easy Interval 4 Relearning steps: 10m 1d minimum interval 3 leech threshold4 leech action tag only bury depending on how important siblings are. 45 beta)? The beta version of Anki comes with a new optional scheduler (v3). I was able to complete my reviews and new cards as a habit in bed when I woke up in the morning, this would clear step 1 and 10. For now I am using Ali Abdel 's recommended settings because I learned the basics of anki from his skillshare's class . So remove the step=28 and instead - make Grad ivl = 28. Anki / SRS systems are based on showing you the same cards multiple times over a long period of time (i. Starts the card at a long enough interval that it won't cause too many unnecessary reviews. For new cards that I make for my class, my default settings are as follows: Steps: 1 120 New cards/day: 9999 Graduating Interval: 2 days Easy interval: 5 days Starting ease: 250% I basically copied it off of some thread on SDN and found that it's been working well for me. Do you understand what the different terms mean, such as interval modifier, starting ease, graduating interval, maximum interval, and easy interval? Steps: 1200 Order of new cards: in order added Graduating interval: 7 days Easy interval: 30 daysHow do I tell how long it takes to learn cards in my deck? What I am interested in is the percent correct on a card that was first seen X days ago…You could/should adjust the "Graduating interval" in the tab "New Cards". Graduating interval : 3d. One way it's possible for New cards to "disappear" and then show up the next day is if two are part of the same note. 1 scheduler, and I'm interested in playing with the scheduling options a little bit. Graduating interval 1 Easy interval 4 Starting ease 131 Lapses Steps 10 New Interval 50% Minimum int 1 day Reviews Max reviews 300 Easy bonus 130%. Relearning Steps; Minimum Interval; Leeches; Display Order. So let’s say I get a new card correct after 15 mins and see it again the next day. I also tweaked my learning steps the closer I got to my test date if I felt like I wanted to really ramp down/up my. So we have this new card with our new settings. 3. I learned the hard way that it wasn’t for me. The MCAT (Medical College Admission Test) is offered by the AAMC and is a required exam for admission to medical schools in the USA and Canada. Client support: Anki: 2. Specifically, the value of S corresponds to R=90%. So if you think your retention is too high, you could increase the interval modifier to counteract this. It might be the case that the interval would postpone the card over the time when Anki resets the day. You press good on day 2 -> interval 6d. Currently, I use Anki with Low-Key for learning English vocabulary as a non-native speaker. By default this is set to 20 minutes. Today I want to introduce how to use the FSRS4Anki. Graduating interval is the delay between answering ‘Good’ on a card with no steps left, and seeing the card again. So If I my this crazy, and spending this much of my precious life with Anki, I prefer be using it as best how I. The unofficial subreddit for the flashcard app Anki. 16 days, 35 days, with a 72 graduating interval. remembering them in short memory, which I'd forget in a few days) - of course. Anki / SRS systems are based on showing you the same cards multiple times over a long period of time (i. A subreddit to share and discuss Anki decks for use in studying for the MCAT and premed studies. Controls whether Anki should add. If you put the graduating interval as 21600 (aka 15 days), then after the final step (which had a 10-day interval in our example), you would see the card again in 15 days. In terms of Anki settings, it really depends on how much time you have to study each day and how comfortable you are with the material. These settings have worked super well for me adding about 15 cards per day for about a year. 8% is the retention for the first review step after the last relearning step no matter what the length is. Reply. So you will graduate the cards on the second step. In a Nutshell. Next day, it is. My settings are the same. I went from 15-20s / card with his settings to 9-12 seconds a card with what I showed you. Don't display graduating interval, easy interval, new interval, starting ease, interval. So if you see a card today, and then see it tomorrow, versus seeing a card today and seeing in in 3 days, the card will stick better in your memory in the later case. A lapse, by definition, is a mature card (a card with an ivl>21d) that is lost (i. 3 months when I hit good. Set “minimum interval” >graduating interval (that would ease of the ease hell), also set all the others parameters that determine anki algorithm. Go through material, then internally guaze if I know the material well, then make a card if important, use preexisting if the information is generic(90% of time). Deck options primarily control the way Anki schedules cards. Easy bonus 170%, interval mod 125%, hard interval 120% Did anki during M2, then during third year would do anki next to OME or some other source for the beginning of rotation, first half also light Uworld then second half heavy uworld, would unlock cards based on uworld and if there wasn't one i would add it to an existing card or make my own. Timer Maximum answer seconds 60. So, I've decided to test the deck options using the graduated card. Actually I´m using these: New Cards: -Steps (in minutes): 15 25 1440. I recommend anyone read the manual at least once and re-read it periodically as your understanding of the program improves. Order: new cards in order. Or you can just hit default settings to reset all the way. If you want to see cards often, add learning steps but increase your graduating interval accordingly. Client support: Anki: 2. Luckily the Anki algorithm has worked just fine for me! So I stick at around 100%, in the beginning though, when I had only a few cards, I had my interval modifier at around 200. It’s like how your university helps find your first job after graduating. If you copied my settings, then this is when you select ‘Good’ at the 6 day interval. It used to be 2-4 days I'm pretty sure, is this consistent with all of you or is something. When you see the New card for the first time, note that Button Good shows 10m Step. when it comed up next, I knew it and I hit good, but the intervall is now (depending on settings) for example 19 days, instead of going back to. And it has an easy interval of 60 days. This is the random "fuzz" that anki assigns to graduating cards. Max interval: Default (still getting 85-95% retention). weeks/months), and tuning how often you see each card based on how often you get it right or wrong. There are many decks, and a lot of overlapping resources were used to make the MS3 decks, including Zanki from STEP1 days. The best Anki settings changes are the ones that you test with yourself. 2+ includes support for the v3 scheduler when the "new backend" option is enabled in the advanced preferences. And I get it correct and hit good. Then, what I do is open the community deck and start using it to study. That’s crazy. , you press again in a card with an interval >3w). Interval modifier takes the current interval of a card and multiplies it by the interval modifier. Attached are what I am referring to and my existing settings. Graduating a card means the ease will be decreased every time you press again/hard. 1. I still think that the default Anki interval of 1 10 is a little short. The unofficial subreddit for the flashcard app Anki. In the last step, if you hit 'good' Anki will graduate the card from the learning queue and the interval for the card will be the graduation interval. The only thing I'd change personally is adding another learning step (1d) and setting the graduating interval to 2. I also increased the graduating interval to 3 days (as in after that 2 day review, the next step is 3 days) and easy interval to 6 days (as in after that 2 day review, the next review if you select easy is 6 days). GameStop Moderna Pfizer Johnson & Johnson AstraZeneca Walgreens Best Buy Novavax SpaceX Tesla. E. Easy interval is the delay between answering ‘easy’ on a learning. Yes, it is possible, but what do you mean by correct? If you are wondering if it’s a bug in Anki, then no. This means if a card is graduated, the interval will be 3 days. I rescheduled the card in browser to today. That means you can do a lot of things with it. I could really use some help with Anki settings for review cards. However, it was about INCREASING the intervals, so it might not help you. The home screen of my Anki app. Putting more steps in means pressing 2. then once that class is over, you can. I've noticed that with the anking settings of graduating interval of 3 days, I've had cards show up after the 1st day of new card with an interval between 2-5 days. Basically you don't want your last step to be longer than your graduating interval. If you want to review cards more often at the very beginning, you should consider something more like 15min 45min 2h so that you are more exposed to the card on the first day. 20. LAPSES: Lapses 10, 60 New Interval 15% - THIS WILL BE CHANGED TO 70% in accordance to the Low Key Anki suggestion Minimum Interval 1 day Leech Threshold 4 - THIS WILL REMAIN UNCHANGED in accordance to the Low Key Anki. Graduating interval Easy interval The easy interval should be ~30% longer than your graduating interval. For a graduating interval of 6 days, an easy interval of 8 days. As many have noted, pressing either the "Hard" or "Easy" buttons not only tells Anki if you did well or poorly recalling the item, but it actually changes the interval between that review and whenever the next one will be from that point on. You want to get 80-90% of your cards correct after they are matured. SM18's changes are not as simple as modifying ease factors or other settings. 140 votes, 16 comments. Add ons that I have: Advanced Browser BetterSearch Colorful Tags Hierachical Tags Customize Keyboard. js. I have my learning steps for Korean grammar at "15 2880 5760 11520", which if you do the math is 15 minutes, 2 days, 4 days, 8 days. , you press again in a card with an interval >3w). Graduating interval: is the delay between answering Good on a card with no steps left, and seing the card again. the “Beginner” layout should also hide these settings when FSRS is disabled: learning steps, graduating interval, easy interval, relearning steps, minimum interval, starting ease, easy bonus, interval modifier, hard interval, new interval. Graduating Interval 1 day Easy Interval 4 days Starting ease 250% REVIEWS: Easy Bonus 130%. Interday card: let’s say you have lerning steps 1m 10m 1h 6h 12h 24h and graduating interval 2 days. new card -> (Press “Good”) -> show again in 10 minutes. The new step setting will/should not affect the New cards you first start reviewing tomorrow. Let’s get into it! Bonus: Want to learn how I got a 3. For questions i did a first pass of both USMLE rx and uworld. I simply reset my progress and treated it as a brand new deck, using the easy button very liberally and setting the easy interval to a high number. Usually ended up being anywhere from 100-250 cards per chapter. My graduating interval is the same as his also (3d). One can mimic the same progression while extending the learning phase with settings like: Learning steps: 25m 1d 3d. Add-ons. Here is a full crash is the best Anki settings, from the basics, how to make sense of the surroundings, and to how to adjust them. I am new to Anki and want to use it exactly like Quizlet (with no spaced repetition) to study a 10,000-card deck I have just downloaded. It doesn’t mention the case where there is. i'll try, i know is very confusing, the graduating interval is going to give certain number of days you set there, to review the (card/note) again. Hence, the learning steps help you actually learn it in a "safe environment" before promoting it. The #1 social media platform for MCAT advice. Currently, I use Anki with Low-Key for learning English vocabulary as a non-native speaker. Special case Hard = Again + 1 if Again > DAY. Anki's default behavior is to extract 20% of that card's ease factor and reset the card back to the first learning step (i. Edit: With V2 scheduler the HARD button shows 12. Graduating interval: 3 days Easy interval: 4 days. Anki settings can be very personalized, so feel free to play around with them, but I'll give you some of my recommendations. A larger interval modifier means that a card has to be repeated later than usual. )Your graduating interval shoud be bigger than the last step of the new card, you don't want the card to be 3days and then be back to 1. Calculate the number of days (call this N) you can study up to the exam (minus a few days if you want to do a final review of all material before the exam). I aim for 80-85% because I believe. 16. The new cards show up the following day, and I believe it is the Graduating interval. Easy Interval: If at any time. How do we “graduate” cards? Well if we go to the settings of Steps and Graduating Interval, once we hit “good” on our final learning step, the card is graduated. However, with Anki’s default settings this wouldn’t happen, because most people don’t see the point in repeating intervals. IODIN have slaved over accomplishing mys Anki settings. The requestRetention of FSRS4Anki is equivalent to interval modifier. Intervals given by SM-2/Memrise can be interpreted as predicted memory stability. 20 min, 1 day, 3 days) and my graduating interval is 7 days. Grad interval 1 day (load balancer handles this Easy interval 4 days (load balancer handles this). Graduating interval: 19d. EDIT: I confirm that ALL the Graduating Intervals in the profile have been reset to 1 (across maybe 20 option groups). 25m 1Day. Easy interval: 1. Yesterday I tried to change some timing settings which I didn’t end up liking and then switched back to my old settings (the ones anking recommends). The 69. Question on the front, answer in the back. It is the First Interval after the Learning card becomes a Review card. [deleted] • 1 yr. There's really no downside to adding more steps, especially if you're doing a lot of cards. After graduation, you need to tell Anki what the first interval should be. Mature cards with a higher interval have better retention. e. I suggest you try changing your intervals to whatever works for you. You can also try other settings such as starting ease, steps, and graduating interval. Based on this Steps settings, when I click “ Good ” on day 2 (2880 minutes), then the card is officially graduated. As for the "why" of changing the steps: Some topics are harder than others and require more time to "learn". e goes from 10 minutes to 1 day). Graduating Interval: Once the card goes through all the learning steps above, the card “graduates” and will then be shown to you in X number of days. Just go to your options, go to your deck settings and change that just for now so I can teach you the way these cards work. And like the tab says, all of these only apply to New Cards. the way anki works is that it sometimes delay the related card,. 2 = 2 which is less than the minimum interval (5 days) so anki automatically changes it to 5 days) Fuzz Factor. But this also gives us a natural progression that gives us an obvious graduating interval. The graduating interval, easy interval, new interval, starting ease, and interval modifier become irrelevant. To get the maximum use out of Anki load balancer I recommend already having an idea of your preferred settings when it comes to things like the easy and graduating intervals. I spend about 3-5 hour on Anki every day. Of course, new leeches occur all the time, so my overall total hasn't budged much in the last year. You press good on day 1 -> interval 1d. Manipulating the Anki algorithm gives you more options. it’s due to fuzz. I'm thinking of keeping mine at 25 1440 with a graduating interval of 3 days and a maximum interval of 90 days (testing 7/16). Graduating interval: 19d. 3: Interval modifier: 1: Hard interval. If you set your maximum interval to 365, that means that a given card will never show up any less than once. true retention goal: 80-90\% I changed my learning steps from "1 10" to "10 2880", as in the first review of new cards comes 2 days after you first see it. When you press a button that say 30 days, anki might give the card a different interval. This is way to ensure I see it a specific number of times in relatively quick succession before I let. CryptoAnki works just like your typical paper flashcard that's an Active Recall Testing system as well. anbu5000. I digress. The graduating interval is X days. Starting Ease. Pretty good for long term retention and avoiding ease hell. Nice chart! It would nice having a horizontal line between 10 4 (27yr) and 10 5 (273yr). THis is similar to Anking but I made the 3 day interval a learning step as. Prunestand mostly languages • 1 yr. Go to Anki r/Anki • by. Graduating interval 15d. Business, Economics, and Finance. Say your graduating interval is 3 days and your learning steps are like this -> 10 30 1440 when you see you card after last learning step (after 1 day) if you press “Good” on. Increase the interval modifier. CryptoGraduating interval: 3 Easy interval: 4 Relearning steps: 10m 1 d Minimum interval: 1 Leech threshold:8. Hey guys, trying to figure out if my anki settings are most optimal for getting through material. It should always be at least as long as the graduating interval, and typically a few days longer. Graduating interval: 1 day Easy interval: 2 days For Load balancer, Graduating interval: 1 day MIN and 1 day MAX Easy interval: 4 day MIN and. 2, never changed that value in any deck, it's a good value interval modifier: It's the adjustment slider for me. I’ve changed the default settings a while back now and haven’t had any problems before. Hey guys, trying to figure out if my anki settings are most optimal for getting through material. Finally just copy settings for the reviews section, that stuff you don't have to play around with that much . In the latest version of FSRS4Anki, maximum interval, easy bonus, and hard interval have been supported. Decide the minimum number of times you want to study material before the exam (call this M ). I use the True Retention add on, and adjust my interval modifier to make sure I'm at ~85% retention rate for the week. In addition, minimum interval was configured to 10 days instead. . By using these larger intervals, FSRS can prevent many. These settings work okay for me, but I also found out that some people use more shorter steps like 5m 6h 1d with 5 days of graduating interval. Review every single day, including weekends and vacations. I’m still a bit confused. The #1 social media platform for MCAT advice. Think of this as the ‘Memorized Stage’. With the starting ease back at 250%, you should return the interval modifier to 100% or at least closer to 100%. that being said, the cards in the deck had been badly designed in the first place, so it's natural that I forgot most of it. Set the initial graduation interval according to the same pattern. You can't do all kinds of repetition with Anki. Hi I can't seem to change graduating or easy intervals under options (it's grayed out) after downloading load balancer. Here is an example. According to my stats, more than 80% of review time is spent for young (interval < 1month) cards, and it's very important to graduate many cards ASAP. That doesn’t…hard interval: 1. It doesn't make much. ago. Best Anki Settings for Medical Secondary (With Full Explanation) In this article, I am leave to tell you something of best set are are you are using Anki in medizinisch school. If u want details, search for ` retention ` in my comments. I need this down at around 150% as I almost never select Good. Take more time learning the cards in the learning interval before beginning ease factor adjustments, which may lead to choosing “good” more often in the graduated interval. Those can be used to tune learning steps and interval modifier. Maximum interval: 36500 Starting ease: 2. The front has the question and the back has the answer. and with what interval does anki start you may ask? with the value you've put in graduating interval: Graduating interval is the delay between answering Good on a card with no steps left, and seeing the card again. I assume it's the fact that your graduating interval of one day is much shorter than the longest learning step? But this is a problem of what you set in the deck options under "New Cards". New cards: 100 per day (usually bump this up to 200) Graduating interval: 1 day. It is the First Interval after the Learning card becomes a Review card. Using only a premade anki deck isn't going to do all that much to help you learn. Research I've seen says longer intervals are better for retention. It doesn’t mention the case where there is. card’s ease is low. The difference is my easy interval is 10d and I also increased the ease bonus to 250% (2. -Starting ease: 250%. 9 days would make you see the card @ 10 minutes, an hour, a day, 3 days, 6 days, & 9 days before anki's algorithm takes over. It is interday learning. Additional source: How Anki calculates intervals. If any of this disagrees with anking, use his settings. UNDERSTAND>MEMORIZE. There are two different settings that affect your intervals. (this is similar to Zach Highley and LeanAnki settings) Learning steps: 25m 1d 3d 7d. But, remember, we. I would decrease it to 90%, and then monitor the true retention rate for a couple of weeks. I went from 15-20s / card with his settings to 9-12 seconds a card with what I showed you. 30 Interval modifier: 1. Use the state of this option to decide whether to display specific deck options or not. And it has an easy interval of 60 days. Do longer graduating steps : 14 days as a graduating interval is not unheard of. 20 New interval: 0. Can I increase the number of "Good"'s that it requires to graduate cards? I'm studying for my driver's test, and I'm currently using Anki + mnemomics to drill in information. Reviews:IODIN chose 8 years because my graduating interval, from 6 days, has a day shorter than normal such with you applied the normal Anki algorithm my graduating interlude should be 7 days. Change your learning and relearning steps to 25 1440, graduation interval - 3 days, easy interval - 4 days. 115K subscribers in the Anki community. Set “minimum interval” >graduating interval (that would ease of the ease hell), also set all the others parameters that determine anki algorithm. In this case, the “Essential Spanish Vocabulary Top 5000” deck is the community one, while the “Nuevas palabras” (literally, “New words”) deck is the one I created. By default, this is set at the next day. GameStop Moderna Pfizer Johnson & Johnson AstraZeneca Walgreens Best Buy Novavax SpaceX Tesla. 50) and the Interval Modifier (for simplicity sake's =1.